Hohokam definition, of, belonging to, or characteristic of an American Indian culture of the central and southern deserts of Arizona, about a.d. 450–1450, roughly contemporaneous with the Anasazi culture to the north.
Location hohokam culture.It is not known with certainty when the Hohokam culture began, although it is believed to have coincided with the beginning of the Christian era, but many archaeologists believe it was earlier. It was based on the vestiges of the archaic cochise culture. Characteristics of the Hohokam cultureThis culture was characterized by the creation of irrigation systems and the channeling of the Salado and Gila rivers. They realized a network of ditches that reached to reach the 10 km of length, besides a great depth.
Ditches should be deep to minimize evaporation of water.These engineering works helped the Hohokam people irrigate their fields and obtain up to two maize crops a year. They also grew pitahaya and mesquite pods. With their crops they were able to obtain flour, honey, liquors and wood.Agriculture was not enough to maintain the Hohokam people, reason why they had commercial and religious links with other Mexican cultures of the zone.In addition to agriculture, the Hohokam people developed pottery in their large cities. They used a red ceramic on cream. At the same time, they also made grinding stones and projectile sawed ends.With the expansion of their culture, they began to develop ball games and ceremonial mounds. They practiced astronomy, worked the stone, the turquoise and the envelope and made shell bracelets.They made adobe houses that were rectangular house-pits.
But in some settlements like Casa Grande, there were buildings that reached up to four stories high. Cultural periods of Hohokam culture PioneerIt is believed that this period appeared around the year 200 d.c. The earliest inhabitants of the hohokam culture lived as maize and bean farmers.They had settlements near water resources and crops.
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Despite the proximity of the water, they continued to build wells up to 3 meters deep to accumulate water for domestic use.From year 400 d.c. Approximately, agriculture begins to develop and begin to include new crops in their repertoire. These new cultures were mainly due to the exchange in neighboring cultures.At this time, the pottery was not very developed and they used simple models of containers. Among these stood the censers and anthropomorphic figures. ColonialThis period lasted from 800 AD. Settlements began to develop and the population grew.
They began to separate the social strata and developed the construction of larger and larger houses.In this period the pottery begins to develop by adding iron pigments to create a reddish color, in combination with a light yellow background.As the population increases, they begin to create courts for the ball game so characteristic of the peoples and cultures of the region. In this age, the offerings to the divinities also grow and more rituals for the dead begin to appear. SedentaryFrom 1000 d.c. A population increase appears.
It is at this moment that the ditches expand to meet the demand for crops of the new population. The extension of this system helped to increase the arable area.The settlements began to be made with caliche adobe.
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And they began to build furnaces of stone for the preparation of the meat.It is during this period that craftsmanship reaches its peak in the Hohokam culture. They began to use a technique of engraving in the pottery.In addition to the development of jewelry where they made jewelry with shells of mollusks, stones and bone. Also appeared the first carvings in stone. It is at this time that the Hohokam culture begins to develop the textile industry.In the architecture also made changes, and began to create pyramidal monuments that meant that Hohokam culture had a religious elite and followed a great way of ritual functions.
Soho PhaseThere are some historians who also include this period at the end of the Sedentary. It occurs between the years 1,150 and 1,300 d.c. In this period the demography descends.Large areas of land are not much needed, so many small settlements near ranches disappear.The population is concentrated in medium or large cities. It is believed that in this period also a political reorganization happens, where the regional leagues with superior authorities controlled more of a settlement of the Hohokam culture.Within cities, it is believed that tall buildings, such as Casa Grande, were intended for religious and political elites. Although some theorists believe that they had relation with the astronomical observation.Trade with other cultures of Mesoamerica began to reduce and began to trade with the Anasazi and Mogollones. CivanoThe last of the periods of the Hohokam culture that develops from 1,200 to 1,450 moment of its disappearance.
It is at this point that the Hohokam culture gradually loses its internal cohesion.It is believed that this period of decline was due to the decrease of its productive capacity of food, which did not allow the maintenance of its large cities. This decrease is related to the decrease in the Gila river flow for long periods of time.New ditches were created that were regulated by the political power. That is why many inhabitants began to leave the great settlements and sought asylum in other points with greater access to water.They migrated mostly to the upper Gila River and the Anasazi area.
With the arrival of the Spaniards, these towns were occupied by inhabitants of the Pima culture, who are considered descendants of the Hohokam. References. HAURY, Emil Walter, et al. Hohokam, desert farmers & craftsmen. University of Arizona Press, 1976. BALLCOURTS, Hohokam; INTERPRETATION, Their.
Archaeological Series No. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1983. CROWN, Patricia L. Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric regional systems in the American southwest. School for Advanced Research on the, 1991. CLARK, Jeffery J. Tracking prehistoric migrations: Village settlers among the Tonto Basin Hohokam.
University of Arizona Press, 2001. NIALS, Fred L.; GREGORY, David A.; GRAYBILL, Donald A. Salt River streamflow and Hohokam irrigation systems. The, 1982, vol. 59-78. DEAN, Jeffrey S.
Thoughts on Hohokam chronology. Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric desert peoples of the American Southwest, 1991, no. 61. RELIGION, Hohokam. An Archaeologist's Perspective. The Hohokam, Ancient People of the Desert, 1991, p.